Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Lipids in Adult Jordanian Men: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study with Dose–Response Analysis
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Objective: To examine differences in serum lipid profile between adult male smokers and non-smokers in Jordan and to assess dose–response patterns by smoking intensity.
Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional comparative study at a private outpatient center in Amman (January–May 2022), 80 adult men were enrolled: 60 smokers and 20 non-smokers matched on age and BMI. Smokers were categorized by daily consumption: less than 10, 10–20, and more than 20 cigarettes. After a 12-hour fast, blood was drawn to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-C, and calculated LDL-C using standardized assays on a Cobas 501 analyzer. Group comparisons used t tests/ANOVA with p<0.05 considered significant.
Findings: Smokers versus non-smokers showed higher mean LDL-C (137.7±38.2 vs 116.9±25.6 mg/dl; p=0.037), whereas between-group differences for TC (217.8±35.6 vs 180.4±18.3 mg/dl; p=0.087), TG (195.7±42.3 vs 165.8±17.9 mg/dl; p=0.076), and HDL-C (37.8±8.8 vs 41.7±6.4 mg/dl; p=0.056) were not statistically significant. Across smoking-intensity categories, a graded pattern emerged: higher TC, TG, and LDL-C with increasing consumption, and lower HDL-C in heavier smokers (all trend p values ≤0.035). The abstract in the original manuscript incorrectly stated that smokers had higher HDL-C; in the present data, HDL-C is lower among smokers and decreases with higher intensity.
Conclusion: Among adult Jordanian men, smoking is associated with higher LDL-C and an adverse dose–response pattern across lipids, with HDL-C declining as smoking intensity increases. These findings support lipid screening and cessation counseling for smokers. Larger, population-based studies with adjustment for diet, activity, and socioeconomic factors are warranted.
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