Psychometric Pre-Testing of a SERVQUAL-Based Revisit Intention Instrument for Chinese Fertility Tourists in Malaysia
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Objective: This pilot study aimed to pre-test a SERVQUAL-based instrument for measuring revisit intention among Mainland Chinese fertility tourists receiving assisted reproductive technology services in Malaysia.
Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional pilot design was used in 2024. Thirty Mainland Chinese patients receiving or recently completing IVF or preimplantation genetic testing services in Malaysian private fertility clinics were recruited through convenience sampling. The adapted questionnaire included SERVQUAL-based service quality, privacy, cultural proximity, cost, and revisit intention dimensions, measured on a five-point Likert scale. The instrument was translated using forward–back translation and reviewed by experts in medical tourism and fertility services. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and corrected item–total correlations. Factorability was examined using Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin values and Bartlett’s test of sphericity. Multivariate normality was assessed using Mardia’s skewness and kurtosis statistics.
Findings: Internal consistency was high for service quality, α = .953, privacy, α = .934, cultural proximity, α = .949, cost, α = .942, and revisit intention, α = .947. Corrected item–total correlations exceeded .40 for all items. Factorability was supported by KMO values above .70 for all constructs and significant Bartlett’s tests, p < .001. Mardia’s test indicated violation of multivariate normality, particularly for kurtosis, suggesting that covariance-based SEM is not appropriate at this pilot stage. The findings support the preliminary reliability and factorability of the instrument but do not establish full construct validity.
Conclusion: The adapted instrument showed promising preliminary psychometric properties. A larger study using EFA/CFA and variance-based structural modeling is recommended.
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