The Impact of HBM-Based Education on Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Lung Cancer Screening Among Male University Students
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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the health belief model–based educational program on knowledge and health beliefs regarding lung cancer screening among male university student smokers.
Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study included 144 undergraduates, purposively (non-randomly) assigned to two groups (experimental and control), each consisted 72 smokers at Telafer University. Data were collected at three time points: pre-test (baseline), post-test I (immediately after education), and post-test II (two months after education) with the Health Beliefs Scale for Lung Cancer Screening. After baseline assessment, a health belief model-based health education was delivered for students in the experimental group. A mixed-design analysis of variance was conducted in SPSS version 27 to determine changes in participants' knowledge and beliefs over time.
Findings: after education, participants in the experimental group showed statistically significant changes in the mean scores of knowledge, perceived risk, perceived benefits, and perceived self-efficacy (p<0.05). Significant time × group interactions were found for knowledge (η² = 0.179), perceived risk (η² = 0.110), and perceived benefits (η² = 0.056), whereas no significant interaction was observed for perceived barriers (p = 0.07), and the effect for self-efficacy was small (η² = 0.023). No statistically significant changes in the mean scores for knowledge and beliefs were observed among participants in the control group over time.
Conclusion: The intervention led to significant improvements in knowledge, perceived risk, and benefits, while the effect on self-efficacy was minimal (small effect size), and no significant change was observed in perceived barriers. Further investigation into the perceived barriers to low-dose computed tomography is needed.
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