The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Breast Cancer Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review of Available Evidence, Mechanisms, and Methods

The effect of aerobic exercise on breast cancer

This comprehensive review explores the effects of aerobic exercise on breast cancer outcomes, synthesizing available evidence, underlying mechanisms, and methodological approaches. Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, and growing research suggests that aerobic exercise may play a crucial role in prevention, treatment, and survivorship. We examined a broad range of studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, to evaluate the impact of aerobic exercise on various breast cancer-related outcomes. The evidence indicates that aerobic exercise interventions can positively influence multiple aspects of breast cancer care. These benefits include improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, cancer-related fatigue, quality of life (QOL), and psychological well-being. Additionally, aerobic exercise has shown potential in modulating biomarkers associated with breast cancer risk and progression, such as insulin-like growth factors and inflammatory markers. Mechanistically, aerobic exercise appears to exert its effects through multiple pathways, including modulation of hormonal profiles, enhancement of immune function, reduction of oxidative stress, and alteration of the tumor microenvironment. The physiological adaptations induced by aerobic exercise may also contribute to improved treatment tolerance and reduced therapy-related side effects. Methodologically, studies have employed various aerobic exercise protocols, differing in intensity, duration, and frequency. Recent research has also explored the potential benefits of combined aerobic and resistance training programs. While the optimal exercise prescription remains to be determined, evidence suggests that even moderate levels of aerobic activity can yield significant benefits for breast cancer patients and survivors. This review highlights the multifaceted role of aerobic exercise in breast cancer care, from prevention to survivorship. It also identifies areas requiring further investigation, including the long-term effects of exercise interventions and the potential for personalized exercise prescriptions based on individual patient characteristics and cancer subtypes. As research in this field continues to evolve, integrating aerobic exercise into comprehensive breast cancer care strategies holds promise for improving outcomes and enhancing the overall well-being of those affected by this disease.