A Comparative Study of Postpartum Depression and Psychological Hardiness Between First-Time and Multiparous Mothers
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Objective: This study aims to compare postpartum depression and psychological hardiness between first-time (primiparous) and multiparous mothers to identify differences that could inform targeted interventions.
Methods and Materials: A causal-comparative research design was used. The study population included all pregnant women attending hospitals in Rasht, Iran, in 2024. A total of 70 participants (35 primiparous, 35 multiparous) were randomly selected. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Kobasa Psychological Hardiness Scale. Statistical analyses, including multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), were performed using SPSS version 26.
Findings: There was a significant difference in PPD and psychological hardiness between the two groups (P<0.01). Primiparous mothers had significantly higher postpartum depression scores than multiparous mothers (M 24.86 vs. M = 17.91, P<0.01). Conversely, multiparous mothers exhibited higher psychological hardiness scores (M = 104.69 vs. M = 62.14, P < 0.01). Effect size calculations indicated a strong relationship between parity and both variables.
Conclusion: Primiparous mothers are at a higher risk of postpartum depression and have lower psychological hardiness than multiparous mothers. These findings highlight the need for targeted psychological interventions and support programs, particularly for first-time mothers. Future research should investigate additional psychosocial factors that influence these relationships.
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