Comparison of Postpartum Depression and Psychological Hardiness in Primiparous and Multiparous Mothers

Postpartum Depression Psychological Hardiness Primiparous Mothers Multiparous Mothers Maternal Mental Health

Authors

  • Fatemeh Raoufi M.A. Student in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. , Iran, Islamic Republic of
  • Zahra Foroughi Kaldareh
    foroughi1399@gmail.com
    Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran., Iran, Islamic Republic of
Vol. 12 No. 4 (2025): July
Quantitative Study(ies)
February 19, 2025
May 11, 2025
Objective: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common psychological disorder affecting maternal and infant well-being. Psychological hardiness, a key personality trait, may play a protective role against PPD. This study aims to compare postpartum depression and psychological hardiness between first-time (primiparous) and multiparous mothers to identify differences that could inform targeted interventions. Methods and Materials: A causal-comparative research design was used. The study population included all pregnant women attending hospitals in Rasht, Iran, in 2024. A total of 70 participants (35 primiparous, 35 multiparous) were randomly selected. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Kobasa Psychological Hardiness Scale. Statistical analyses, including multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), were performed using SPSS version 26. Findings: There was a significant difference in PPD and psychological hardiness between the two groups (P<0.01). Primiparous mothers had significantly higher postpartum depression scores than multiparous mothers (M= 24.86 vs. M = 17.91, P<0.01). Conversely, multiparous mothers exhibited higher psychological hardiness scores (M= 104.69 vs. M= 62.14, P<0.01). Effect size calculations indicated a strong relationship between parity and both variables. Conclusion: Primiparous mothers are at a higher risk of postpartum depression and have lower psychological hardiness than multiparous mothers. These findings highlight the need for targeted psychological interventions and support programs, particularly for first-time mothers. Future research should explore additional psychosocial factors influencing these relationships.