Income Level and Marital Duration as Determinants of Domestic Violence Severity Among Married Women in Indonesia
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Objective: Domestic violence against women is a critical public health issue in Indonesia, influenced by complex structural and relational factors. This study investigated the combined effects of income level and marital duration on the severity of domestic violence.
Methods and Materials: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted involving 479 married women who reported experiencing domestic violence and self-identified as victims. Data were collected using a Rasch-calibrated Violence Against Women Instrument. A Two-Way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effects of income and marital duration on violence severity scores.
Findings: The analysis revealed significant main effects for both income level (p < 0.001, η² = 0.048) and marital duration (p = 0.015, η² = 0.037). A significant interaction effect was found (p< 0.001, η² = 0.140), indicating that patterns of domestic violence severity differed by socioeconomic status. Women in lower-income categories experienced higher violence severity, while high-income women showed a non-linear pattern, with higher scores in long-term marriages (31–35 years).
Conclusion: Domestic violence is associated with economic stressors and evolving relational dynamics. While financial disadvantage is a persistent risk factor, higher income does not guarantee protection, particularly in later stages of the marriage, when power dynamics may shift. Interventions should integrate economic empowerment with life-course counseling. These findings are associational and hypothesis-generating, requiring further longitudinal research.
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