Investigating the Differences between the Components of Meta-Emotions and Mindfulness in Depressed and Normal People
Components of meta-emotions and mindfulness in depression
Downloads
Background: Depression is one of the most serious threats to today's society and of course, one of the most common psychological disorders. This research aims to investigate the differences between the components of meta-emotions and mindfulness in people with depression and normal people.
Methods: The current research was a causal-comparative study. The selection of samples of the clinical group was done in the field and in cooperation with one of the centers providing psychiatric services located in Shiraz, Iran, and from among those who were referred to this clinic. The research sample size was 100 people who formed two equal clinical and comparison groups. The clinical group, which included 50 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), was selected purposefully and with the diagnosis of a psychiatrist according to sufficient criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The comparison group, which was matched with the clinical group in the three variables of sex, age, and marital status, was selected by convenience sampling method from among the residents of Shiraz. The data were obtained using the Meta-Emotion Scale (MES) and the questionnaire on the components of mindfulness. Statistical analysis of research data was done using SPSS software and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Results: There was a significant difference between the average scores of meta-emotion and components of mindfulness between depressed and normal groups (P < 0.001). The results showed that the mean of meta-emotion in people with depression (89.74) was higher than in normal people (85.16) and in the case of mindfulness components, the mean of people with depression (114.34) was lower than that of normal people (131.44).
Conclusion: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the depressed and normal groups in terms of the experience of ecstasy and the level of the trait of mindfulness.
Downloads
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment., 13(1), 27-45. doi:13/1/27 [pii];10.1177/1073191105283504 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:16443717
Behboodi Moghadam, Z., Rezaei, E., Khaleghi, Y. F., Montazeri, A., Arzaqi, S. M., Tavakol, Z. et al. (2015). The effect of sexual health education program on women sexual function in Iran. J Res Health Sci, 15(2), 124-128. doi:1882 [pii]. Retrieved from PM:26175297
Charis, C., & Panayiotou, G. (2021). Depression conceptualization and treatment: Dialogues from psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral perspectives. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Fakhoury, M. (2021). Optogenetics: A revolutionary approach for the study of depression. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatry., 106, 110094. doi:S0278-5846(20)30410-3 [pii];10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110094 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:32890694
Fakhoury, M. (2018). Diagnosis of major depressive disorders: Clinical and biological perspectives. In Y.K. Kim (Ed.), Understanding depression: Volume 2. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment (pp. 53-68). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Friedman, E. S., & Anderson, I. M. (2014). Handbook of depression. London, UK: Springer Healthcare Limited.
Gilbert, P. (2007). Psychotherapy and counselling for depression. therapy in practice. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Irons, C., Baccus, J. R., & Palmer, M. (2006). Self-Criticism and Self-Warmth: An Imagery Study Exploring Their Relation to Depression. J. Cogn. Psychother., 20(2), 183-200. doi: 10.1891/jcop.20.2.183. [doi].
Greenberg, P. E., Fournier, A. A., Sisitsky, T., Pike, C. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin.Psychiatry., 76(2), 155-162. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09298 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:25742202
Gu, J., Karl, A., Baer, R., Strauss, C., Barnhofer, T., & Crane, C. (2020). Latent profile analysis of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in a sample with a history of recurrent depression. Assessment., 27(1), 149-163. doi:10.1177_1073191117715114 [pii];10.1177/1073191117715114 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:28629232
Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2017). The mindful personality: A meta-analysis from a cybernetic perspective. Mindfulness (N.Y.), 8(6), 1456-1470. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0736-8 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:29479377
Haradhvala, N. (2016). Meta-Emotions in Daily Life: Associations with Emotional Awareness and Depression [MA Thesis]. St. Louis, MI: Washington University.
Hashemi, R., Moustafa, A. A., Rahmati, K. L., & Valikhani, A. (2018). Mindfulness and suicide ideation in Iranian cardiovascular patients: Testing the mediating role of patience. Psychol Rep., 121(6), 1037-1052. doi:10.1177/0033294117746990 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:29298569
Hidese, S., Saito, K., Asano, S., & Kunugi, H. (2018). Association between iron-deficiency anemia and depression: A web-based Japanese investigation. Psychiatry.Clin.Neurosci, 72(7), 513-521. doi:10.1111/pcn.12656 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:29603506
Hopko, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., LePage, J. P., Hopko, S. D., & McNeil, D. W. (2003). A brief behavioral activation treatment for depression. A randomized pilot trial within an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Behav.Modif., 27(4), 458-469. doi:10.1177/0145445503255489 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:12971122
Joormann, J., Waugh, C. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Cognitive bias modification for interpretation in major depression: effects on memory and stress reactivity. Clin.Psychol Sci, 3(1), 126-139. doi:10.1177/2167702614560748 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:25593790
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Business book summary Hachette Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., Skillings, A., Scharf, M. J., Cropley, T. G. et al. (1998). Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom.Med, 60(5), 625-632. doi:10.1097/00006842-199809000-00020 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:9773769
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8, 73-107. Retrieved from Society for Constructivism in the Human Sciences.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R. et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA., 289(23), 3095-3105. doi:289/23/3095 [pii];10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:12813115
Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J. C., DE, G. R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I. et al. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry., 6(3), 168-176. Retrieved from PM:18188442
Khan, A., Faucett, J., Lichtenberg, P., Kirsch, I., & Brown, W. A. (2012). A systematic review of comparative efficacy of treatments and controls for depression. PLoS.One., 7(7), e41778. doi:PONE-D-12-08946 [pii];10.1371/journal.pone.0041778 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:22860015
Leahy, R. L. (2002). A model of emotional schemas. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9(3), 177-190. doi:doi:10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80048-7 [doi].
Lee, R., Ferris, C., Van de Kar, L. D., & Coccaro, E. F. (2009). Cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin, life history of aggression, and personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(10), 1567-1573. doi:S0306-4530(09)00192-9 [pii];10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.002 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:19577376
Lynch, T. R., Gray, K. L., Hempel, R. J., Titley, M., Chen, E. Y., & O'Mahen, H. A. (2013). Radically open-dialectical behavior therapy for adult anorexia nervosa: feasibility and outcomes from an inpatient program. BMC Psychiatry., 13, 293. doi:1471-244X-13-293 [pii];10.1186/1471-244X-13-293 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:24199611
Mansell, W., Barnes, A., Grant, L., & De Sousa, L. M. (2020). Do meta-emotion strategies and their effects vary in students between their family home and their university home? Curr Psychol, 41(7), 4920-4930. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00996-7 [doi].
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T. N., Hofer, S., & Schüßler, G (2009). When you don't like what you feel: Experiential avoidance, mindfulness and meta-emotion in emotion regulation. Pers. Individ. Differ., 46(4), 448-453. doi:S0191886908004261 [pii].
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027 [doi].
Norman, E., & Furnes, B. (2016). The concept of "metaemotion": What is there to learn from research on metacognition? Emotion Review, 8(2), 187-193. doi: 10.1177/1754073914552913 [doi].
Otte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M. et al. (2016). Major depressive disorder. Nat.Rev.Dis.Primers., 2, 16065. doi:nrdp201665 [pii];10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:27629598
Petrocchi, N., & Ottaviani, C. (2016). Mindfulness facets distinctively predict depressive symptoms after two years: The mediating role of rumination. Pers. Individ. Differ., 93, 92-96. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.017 [doi].
Robins, C. J., Keng, S. L., Ekblad, A. G., & Brantley, J. G. (2012). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotional experience and expression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin.Psychol, 68(1), 117-131. doi:10.1002/jclp.20857 [doi]. Retrieved from PM:22144347
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
