The Future in Gender Perspective: The Relationship Between Future Time Perspective and Academic Self-Efficacy among Students
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Objective: This study examined whether male and female first-semester university students differ in Future Time Perspective (FTP) and tested the association between FTP and Academic Self-Efficacy (ASE).
Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional survey, 517 first-semester students in Surabaya, Indonesia, were recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected using an adapted FTP scale (based on Husman & Shell) and the College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (CASES; Owen & Froman), rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Analyses included independent-samples t-tests for gender differences, Pearson correlations for the FTP–ASE relationship, and chi-square tests for cross-tabulated FTP and ASE categories.
Findings: FTP did not significantly differ by gender (t = −0.847, p = 0.397). FTP was positively associated with ASE (r = 0.250, p < 0.01). Cross-tabulation and chi-square results indicated a significant association between FTP category and ASE category (χ²(4, N=517) = 129.842, p < 0.05), suggesting that higher ASE is more common among students with higher FTP.
Conclusion: Students’ future-oriented thinking is associated with higher academic self-efficacy, whereas gender differences in FTP were not supported. Future work should use probability sampling and clarify category reporting to improve generalizability and reporting accuracy.
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