A grounded theory exploration of environmental, societal, and contextual factors affecting adolescent identity development in dysfunctional families: A school counselor perspective
Adolescent identity development in dysfunctional families
Objective: The identity formation of adolescents in dysfunctional families affects their psychological and social conditions, influencing their future lives. Using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the present study aimed to explore the environmental, societal, and contextual factors affecting adolescent identity development in dysfunctional families.
Methods and Materials: The research population consisted of all school counselors in Tehran. A total of 10 school counselors were selected using purposive sampling in 2024 in Tehran. Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth interviews.
Findings: Analysis of the interview content yielded 5 selective codes including key challenges faced by dysfunctional families, contextual conditions, intervening factors, strategies, and consequences), 12 axial codes, and 36 open codes.
Conclusion: The challenges faced by dysfunctional families can influence adolescents’ identity development processes in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions, potentially leading to multiple issues. Thus, recognizing these challenges and providing effective intervention strategies for school counselors and families is crucial.
Downloads
Abubakar, A., & Alya, N. U. (2020). Refunction family during the COVID-19 pandemic (study among students of anthropology UGM). SAMARAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 4(1), 151–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v4i1.7051
Ahmed Osman, A. M., Hafez, S. H., Mohamed, I. A., Merghani Ahmed, M. M., Ahmed Balola, H. H., Mohammed Ahmed, K. A., ... & Elrefaey, S. R. (2024). Unraveling the Nexus: Dysfunctional Family Dynamics, Mental Health Struggles, and Coping Strategies among University Students. Minia Scientific Nursing Journal, 15(2), 8-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/msnj.2024.283171.1119
Barragán AB, Molero M del M, Pérez-Fuentes M del C, Oropesa NF, Martos Á, Simón M del M, Gázquez JJ (2021) Interpersonal Support, Emotional Intelligence and Family Function in Adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18: 5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105145
Bautista, J. C. (2024). The lived experiences of individuals in a dysfunctional family. https://www.academia.edu/download/111281544/The_Lived_Experiences_of_Individual_in_a_Dysfunctional_Family.pdf
Benson, J. E., & Furstenberg Jr, F. F. (2006). Entry into adulthood: Are adult role transitions meaningful markers of adult identity? Advances in life course research, 11, 199-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(06)11008-4
Boor Boor, B., Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., & Falsafinezhad, M. R. (2021). Communication challenges of parents and their adolescent daughters with an emphasis on social media use: A content analysis study. Journal of Research and Health, 11(4), 235-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/JRH.11.4.1804.1
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1996). Adolescents after divorce. Harvard University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-98778-000
Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. Neurological Research and practice, 2(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z
Choo, H., Shek, D., 2013. Quality of parent-child relationship, family conflict, peer pressure, and drinking behaviors of adolescents in an Asian context: the case of Singapore. Soc. Indic. Res. 110 (3), 1141–1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205- 011-9977-4
Cooney, T. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1999). Family structure differences in the timing of leaving home: Exploring mediating factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(4), 367-393. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0904_1
Corrêa JS, Cecchetto FR, Fernandes FL (2021) Narrativas policiais sobre prevenção da violência e juventudes: experiências no Brasil e na Escócia. Ciência and Saúde Coletiva 26: 4603-4612. https://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/ZVSfSKLsvGTvzZcVvtQyrGy/?lang=pt
Doherty, E. E., Green, K. M., & Ensminger, M. E. (2008). Investigating the long-term influence of adolescent delinquency on drug use initiation. Drug and alcohol dependence, 93(1-2), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.018
Fish, J. N., Maier, C. A., & Priest, J. B. (2015). Substance abuse treatment response in a Latino sample: The influence of family conflict. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 49, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.011
Grotevant, H. D., & Cooper, C. R. (2013). Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity exploration in adolescence. In Adolescents and Their Families (pp. 103-116). Routledge.
Hanson, T. L., McLanahan, S. S., & Thomson, E. (1996). Double jeopardy: Parental conflict and stepfamily outcomes for children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 141-154.
Holton J (2010) The Coding Process and its Challenges. http://groundedtheoryreview.com/2010/04/02/the-coding-process-and-its-challenges/ (Last accessed: 24 April 2020.)
Izzo, F., Baiocco, R., & Pistella, J. (2022). Children’s and adolescents’ happiness and family functioning: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.018
Jannah, M., Hariastuti, R. T., & Nursalim, M. (2023). Negative impact of a dysfunctional family on adolescents: A literature study. Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, 10(2), 109-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/hsjpi.v10i2.57527
Kurnia, I. (2019). Bimbingan dan konseling Islam dengan cognitive behavior therapy untuk mengatasi shopaholic online shop pada seorang mahasiswa UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya [Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya]. http://digilib.uinsa.ac.id/31683/3/Isma Kurnia_B93215067.pdf
Marsh, S., Dobson, R., & Maddison, R. (2020). The relationship between household chaos and child, parent, and family outcomes: A systematic scoping review. BMC public health, 20, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08587-8
Masruroh, I., & Ramdani, I. (2021). Perspektif teori pada permasalahan anak dan keluarga: Studi kasus tentang disfungsi dan fungsi keluarga di Kab. Musi Banyuasin. Jurnal Hawa: Studi Pengarus Utamaan Gender Dan Anak, 3(1), 33–44. https://www.academia.edu/download/100589597/479048931.pdf
Massa, N., Rahman, M., & Napu, Y. (2020). Dampak keluarga broken home tehadap perilaku sosial anak. Jambura Journal Community Empowerment, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.37411/jjce.v1i1.92v
Maulina, R. D., & Amalia, S. (2019). Keberfungsian keluarga bagi penyesuain sosial mahasiswa baru. Jurnal Psikologi, 15(1), 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jp.v15i1.6886
Medrano-Sanchez, E. J., Ybañez, J. M. G., & Medrano-Sanchez, G. M. (2024). Creating harmony: Positive strategies for adolescents in dysfunctional families-literature review (2019-2023). Interciencia, 49(9), 519-526. https://www.interciencia.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/03_7208_A_Medrano_v49n9_8.pdf
Meeus, W. (2011). The study of adolescent identity formation 2000–2010: A review of longitudinal research. Journal of research on adolescence, 21(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00716.x
Mirwani, S., Jannah, L. El, Lestari, T. P., Sholeh, M., Afifah, A., Sabilla, M., Fajriah, A., & Zakiyah, B. (2022). Studi kasus: Dinamika pskologis remaja dalam ruang lingkup keluarga disfungsional. Happiness, Journal of Psychology and Islamic Science, 2(2), 135–144. https://jurnalfuda.iainkediri.ac.id/index.php/happiness/article/download/346/225
Moitra, T., & Mukherjee, I. (2012). Parent–Adolescent Communication and Delinquency: A Comparative study in Kolkata, India. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 74-94. https://ejop.psychopen.eu/article/view/299
Nuraida, N. (2018). Disfungsi keluarga (studi kasus kenakalan remaja di Capi Desa Golo Bilas Kabupaten Manggarai Barat) [Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar]. https://digilibadmin.unismuh.ac.id/upload/4759-Full_Text.pdf
Parker, E. C. (2014). The process of social identity development in adolescent high school choral singers: A grounded theory. Journal of Research in Music Education, 62(1), 18-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413520009
Peterson, G. W., & Hann, D. (1999). Socializing children and parents in families. In Handbook of Marriage and the Family (pp. 327-370). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Porter, C. L., & Dyer, W. J. (2017). Does marital conflict predict infants’ physiological regulation? A short-term prospective study. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(4), 475. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2017-06329-001
Rabiau, M. A. (2020). Culture, migration, and identity formation in adolescent refugees: A family perspective. In Social Work Practice with War-Affected Children (pp. 83-100). Routledge.
Sznitman, G. A., Zimmermann, G., & Van Petegem, S. (2019). Further insight into adolescent personal identity statuses: Differences based on self-esteem, family climate, and family communication. Journal of Adolescence, 71, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.003
Timonen V, Foley G, Conlon C (2018) Challenges when using grounded theory: a pragmatic introduction to doing GT research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 17, 1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918758086
Tullius, J. M., De Kroon, M. L., Almansa, J., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2022). Adolescents’ mental health problems increase after parental divorce, not before, and persist until adulthood: a longitudinal TRAILS study. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 31(6), 969-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01715-0
Van Eickels RL, Tsarpalis-Fragkoulidis A, Zemp M (2022) Family cohesion, shame-proneness, expressive suppression, and adolescent mental health - A path model approach. Frontiers in Psychology 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/
Vosylis, R., Erentaitė, R., & Klimstra, T. (2021). The material context of adolescent identity formation: A family economic stress approach. Identity, 21(3), 200-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2020.1836491
Yablonska, T. (2013). Family factors of a person’s identity development during adolescence and early adulthood. Social welfare: interdisciplinary approach, 3(2), 30-40.https://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/social-welfare/article/view/28230
Yeon, E.M., & Choi, H-S. (2020). trajectories of Mothers' Perceived Marital Conflict and its Relationship to Depression and Children's School Readiness, Self-esteem, and Happiness. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 21 (5), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2020.21.5.344
Zagefka, H., Jones, J., Caglar, A., Girish, R., & Matos, C. (2021). Family roles, family dysfunction, and depressive symptoms. The Family Journal, 29(3), 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720973418
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
