Cultural Adaptation and Factorial Validation of the General Campus Climate Scale (GCCS) in Indonesian Higher Education
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Objective: Campus climate refers to students’ perceptions of their academic environment, including interactions with lecturers, staff, and peers, which may influence cognitive, emotional, psychological, and attitudinal outcomes. The General Campus Climate Scale (GCCS) is a widely used instrument for assessing this construct; however, its application across different cultural contexts requires systematic adaptation and empirical evaluation of its psychometric properties. This study aimed to adapt the GCCS for Indonesian higher education contexts culturally and to examine its factorial validity.
Methods and Materials: The adaptation process followed the International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines, including translation, synthesis, expert review, readability testing, and layout revision. Data were collected from Indonesian university students and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with AMOS 22 to test a two-dimensional model of campus climate (general campus climate and academic climate).
Findings: All items had standardized factor loadings above 0.50, supporting their contribution to the proposed factors. Several goodness-of-fit indices indicated an acceptable but not optimal model fit (χ² p < .001; RMSEA = 0.095), suggesting a borderline to moderate level of fit.
Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary support for the factorial structure of the Indonesian version of the GCCS; however, other aspects of validity, such as criterion-related validity, measurement invariance, and test–retest reliability, were not examined and should be addressed in future research. Overall, the adapted GCCS may serve as a useful instrument for assessing campus climate in Indonesian higher education, with further validation warranted.
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